tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78841920754576248432024-02-20T18:56:47.405-08:00Dufek Lab: Volcanology and Multiphase FlowDufek Lab: Volcanology and Multiphase FlowPhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7884192075457624843.post-86279481986469706122014-11-07T09:04:00.001-08:002014-11-07T09:36:07.114-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Volcanic eruptions are dangerous and hard to image. To learn about their fluid dynamics we often have to develop methods to understand the dynamics from the deposits left after an eruption. In the blog post below, one of our graduate students, Mary Benage, describes techniques she developed to better understand the dynamics of pyroclastic density currents in Ecuador.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Tying textures of breadcrust bombs to their transport regime and cooling history</b></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivyZMgzrMToB76avGcKYby-kwT1_L6OXfraiOvPOsNHWNbjRnn5m6Zrjp5dPNUgSFz_H6mtvKKJ-bNrHCSa9qvx3vj7p_EVPDsfaxSVOok7tyAKGQoHcExGgF9kMXSbY11hasv-B0t3Mkd/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-07+at+11.55.29+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivyZMgzrMToB76avGcKYby-kwT1_L6OXfraiOvPOsNHWNbjRnn5m6Zrjp5dPNUgSFz_H6mtvKKJ-bNrHCSa9qvx3vj7p_EVPDsfaxSVOok7tyAKGQoHcExGgF9kMXSbY11hasv-B0t3Mkd/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-07+at+11.55.29+AM.png" height="320" title="" width="307" /></a>At both Tungurahua and Cotopaxi volcanoes in Ecuador, there
are unique pyroclasts (volcanology term for a rock formed from fragmented magma
ejected out of a volcano) called breadcrust or cauliflower bombs. The reason
for the name is the rocks have a breadcrusted appearance or a foamy appearance
that resembles bread or cauliflower, respectively. Breadcrust bombs have a
dense surface, called a rind. The rind is denser and has fewer bubbles than the
interior of the rock (rind – low vesicularity, interior – high vesicularity).
Breadcrust bombs range in composition and are generally tied to an eruption
style called Vulcanian. There has been research on the texture and composition
of breadcrust bombs (e.g. Wright et al., 2007, Giachetti et al., 2010) but
previously there has not been a numerical model to examine how these bombs
might form and what are the controlling factors in the formation of the crusted
exterior of these volcanic rocks. We hypothesized that the thermal history of
these breadcrust bombs plays a role in the rind thickness and morphology of the
bombs. To test this hypothesis we developed a 3-part numerical model composed
of (1) a macro-scale multiphase Eulerian-Eulerian-Lagrangian (EEL) model, (2) a
clast-scale thermal and viscosity model, and (3) micro scale-bubble growth
model. To test how the thermal history can affect the rind thickness, in the
model we compare two end members of transport for a pyroclast: transport as a
ballistic (parabolic trajectory out of the volcano) and transport in a
pyroclastic density current (pyroclastic flow) with varying gas temperatures.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">The macro-scale model is a complex fluid dynamics model that
models the propagation and interaction of particles and gas (the two components
that make up the pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that flow down a volcano
during eruption) as continuous phases, as a fluid. The two continua phases are
solved using the conservation equations and many other constitutive equations
(equations that tie the continua phases together and complete the conservation
equations for the specific gas and particle phases). These two phases make up
the Eulerian-Eulerian component of the model. The Lagrangian approach allows
individual, larger pyroclasts to be tracked throughout the current. The
Lagrangian approach is one-way coupled to the fluid phases. Through the
Lagrangian component we can track pyroclasts through their transport regime
(projectile pyroclast or pdc pyroclast) and thus the thermal history of the
particle. The tracked environment of the particle is used in the clast-scale
model that solves a one-dimensional heat equation (we are assuming the rocks
are perfect spheres) coupled to a viscosity model. The viscosity model we use
is from Giordano et al. (2008) that developed a model of magma viscosity from
experiments on magma of varying composition, dissolved water concentration, and
temperature. This is the part of the model where the cooling of the pyroclast
is calculated and this depends on the path of the pyroclast such as its
velocity or surrounding temperature. The third component of the model is the
micro-scale bubble growth model that is dependent on the pyroclast composition,
amount of dissolved water, temperature, and viscosity. We modify the bubble
growth model of Proussevitch et al. (1993) for this part of the model. This
component is crucial as it allows the model to quantify rind thickness, which
is established as the radial component with the smallest bubbles. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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Through this 3-component model, we track and calculate how
the transport (projectile pyroclast versus a pyroclast entrained in a
pyroclastic density current) and thermal history of a pyroclast affects the
temperature, viscosity, bubble size, and bubble growth rate that results in
varying rind thicknesses. A clast that cools quickly has an increase in
viscosity that slows or freezes bubble growth and a low-vesicularity rind is
formed. If the clast stays relatively hot (its thermal environment is hot),
then the bubbles are not restricted and grow to their a priori final size
(numerically for the bubble growth model there is a calculated final bubble
size). Through the model we determine the timescales of cooling and bubble
growth are important in the formation of the rind. The morphology or lack of
bubbles found in these breadcrust bombs can provide information about the
cooling history or transport of these clasts. Our results show that not only
does initial dissolved water content control rind thickness (which has already
been shown through texture and chemical analyses) but also that the transport
regime and surrounding environment (e.g. temperature) play a role in the rind
thickness of these clast. The results of the model informs us that we need to
examine breadcrust bombs more carefully as they may provide critical
information about an eruption. We believe understanding the formation of these
bombs can provide information about pre-eruptive conditions as well as
transport history. There is still a lot of work to be done but the model
suggests there is still more information these peculiar clasts hold about an
eruption and the currents generated by the eruption. Further work will be
mapping out these breadcrust bombs and analyzing their textures in detail at
other locations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQtz_Hyihyphenhypheno9Rrrpw_WPL91MOU-Ch9BWa_tp55kOv70iI0lVFgbotEbCNWZwHTXaFLlMBKvaKReYGI26hbhx9K0-pwgEL64V_GcLZCmVeWXUVR1bIDLsG44v7rOEH2LUGUZNn4lUS4y8wq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-07+at+11.55.56+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQtz_Hyihyphenhypheno9Rrrpw_WPL91MOU-Ch9BWa_tp55kOv70iI0lVFgbotEbCNWZwHTXaFLlMBKvaKReYGI26hbhx9K0-pwgEL64V_GcLZCmVeWXUVR1bIDLsG44v7rOEH2LUGUZNn4lUS4y8wq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-07+at+11.55.56+AM.png" height="288" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">We are currently applying this model to
the deposits from the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador. We will
use the model to understand the cooling history and pyroclastic density
dynamics of the eruption.</span></span></div>
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About Mary<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dOAsyCoon4S7QumGpHWFnOjKKIp6aYIRFvHbHoaaRqZ7WAmOzyd7dDZ4b-acmxgeOG5sa9jWi-evxa8imNx35F_OqI2IHuMQEDlJeEtgVKKDUtfaR7kycpejbUfFfATze0MyFcw0Bi20/s1600/Mary_StHelens_Webpage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dOAsyCoon4S7QumGpHWFnOjKKIp6aYIRFvHbHoaaRqZ7WAmOzyd7dDZ4b-acmxgeOG5sa9jWi-evxa8imNx35F_OqI2IHuMQEDlJeEtgVKKDUtfaR7kycpejbUfFfATze0MyFcw0Bi20/s1600/Mary_StHelens_Webpage.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a>Mary is currently in the fifth year of her PhD at Georgia
Institute of Technology and is planning to defend her dissertation thesis in
the next 6 months. Mary knew from a young age she wanted to study volcanoes.
This was a result of growing up on the Bandelier Tuff, living in the nerdy town
of Los Alamos, NM where everyone has a PhD, and having a desire to study
science while being outdoors. Mary attended Mesa State College in Grand
Junction, CO and majored in Geology and minored in Mathematics. She also
participated in an NSF-REU program, attended geology field camp in Ireland,
geophysics field camp in New Mexico, and the CSAV volcanology field camp in
Hawaii. After graduating from Mesa State College (now Colorado Mesa
University), she had a one-year post-baccalaureate job at Los Alamos National
Lab (LANL) working in the Environmental group and Geophysics group. After her
year off, she started graduate school at Georgia Tech working with advisor Dr.
Josef Dufek. Mary has been fortunate to do field work at Tungurahua and
Cotopaxi volcanoes in Ecuador, Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA, and Kos
Plateau Tuff, Kos, Greece. Mary also loves to travel and tries to get out of
the country once a year, loves to stay active running or hiking, wished she had
more time to paint and draw, has a Little Sister from Big Brothers Big Sister
of Atlanta, and is very blessed with amazing friends and family.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This Spring we will be offering a Field Method in Volcanic Terrains course in Greece.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Igneous rocks comprise the bulk of our crust on Earth and the other terrestrial
planets, and volcanic eruptive processes shape the surface morphology and
provide a link between solid earth and atmospheric processes. Our understanding
of these processes has been transformed by the careful study of classic field
localities. This course will give students the hands on experience of
interpreting past environments using the natural laboratory of the eastern
Aegean (Kos and Santorini). Working in groups students will design research
projects and will receive an introduction to the magmatic environment of the
Aegean Arc. We will particularly emphasize the types of knowledge that can be
garnered from different scale observations in the field, and will use several
features that can be observed remotely and on the ground to serve as analogues
for the interpretation of processes on other planets. This course will be
particularly useful for those interested in the structure of the crust,
reconstructing past environments from field studies, planetary studies, and
volcanology. </span><!--EndFragment--></div>
PhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7884192075457624843.post-82292401918021452162012-08-20T10:50:00.000-07:002012-08-20T10:50:07.263-07:00Eruptive Paleobarometers on Mars<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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One of the interesting topics the lab has been pursuing in
the last couple of years is trying to gain a better understanding of the total
atmospheric pressure on Mars. This obviously has implications for the potential
stability of water on Mars surface, but also has a few important links to
volcanology. Magmas ascending to the surface degas and provide a source of
volatiles (e.g. water, carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere. Likewise the nature
of the atmosphere can drastically alter the dynamics of eruptions.</div>
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Recently we conducted a series of experiments aimed at
explaining one of the features observed by the rover Spirit at Home Plate and
use it to constrain atmospheric pressure. This feature is a package of deformed
sediments below a larger block of rock that has been interpreted as a bomb sag.
On Earth, bomb sags are generated in explosive eruptions (often produced by
magma-water interaction). During this sort of eruption base surges or
pyroclastic flows are generated that accumulated deposits surrounding the blast
region. Periodically larger chunks of rock (referred to as bombs) are ejected
and follow near ballistic trajectories. They impact the accumulating deposit,
deforming it, and leaving the impactor in place. This is then often covered by
further accumulating deposits (see attached pictures and video).</div>
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<img alt="Martian Bomb Sag Image" height="320" src="http://www.gatech.edu/inc/hgImage.php?nid=128001&f=medium" width="318" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Inferred bomb sag on Mars. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px;">Courtesy: NASA/JPL.</span></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The impact velocity of the bomb or clast is strongly
controlled by the atmospheric density. A more diffuse atmosphere will lead to
larger impact energies. By calibrating the impact energy required to produce a
certain size bomb sag we can then deduce near surface atmospheric density and pressure
if we hold other factors constant (things like gravity and size of the clast).
With a ‘pumice-gun’ we were able to propel clasts in a controlled laboratory
setting at sediment targets to do precisely this. (The pumice-gun propels the
rocks using compressed gases --- the concept is probably familiar to all who
have built a potato-gun).</div>
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Two important results came from this series of experiments.
The first is that the energies implied to make the bomb sag at the Home Plate
location requires atmospheric densities greater than 0.4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
(roughly 20 times greater than mean present atmospheric density). Also to
produce the continuous deformation of lower layers during the impact (which is
diagnostic of a bomb sag) the sediment has to be saturated in water. This water
can come from nearby environmental sources or from the explosion source as
recondensed steam. </div>
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To learn more about these experiments see the associated
video and release, and you can also look at some of the coverage of the
Geophysical Research Letters manuscript.</div>
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PhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7884192075457624843.post-89254766028918215892012-08-13T13:30:00.000-07:002012-08-13T13:33:39.710-07:00The Electrodynamics of Volcanic Eruptions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i><b>Research in Progress</b></i><br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="213" data-width="160" height="213" id="rg_hi" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="height: 213px; width: 160px;" width="160" /><br />
Josh Mendez<br />
Graduate Student, Georgia Tech<br />
<br />
<br />
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Michoacán, México – 1953. Remigio Rita Morales and his
friends stopped their afternoon game of marbles and looked up into the sky. The
young P'urhépecha<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>boys felt the
ground shutter as jets of dark clouds engulfed the winter sky. Standing, the
Remigio saw that the boiling gases and ash emanated from a large gash in a
nearby corn field. Around the aperture, the surface moved up and down with
every new explosion. The blasts echoed off the surrounding mountains—off
Tacintaro, off Equijuata, off Tzirapan. On Feburary 20<sup>th</sup>, a few
weeks after the P'urhépecha celebration of the New Fire (new year), a volcano
was born. The new mountain was named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parhíkutini,
</i>the Place on the Other Side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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The eruption was long; it lasted more than 9 years. Thick
lava flows oozing out from two vents destroyed the town of San Juan
Parangaricutiro, covering everything except for the steeples of an unfinished
church. Only three people were killed in the eruption of Parhíkutini. However,
it was not the sluggishly-flowing rivers of molten rock that claimed these
lives (the lavas from Parhíkutini are so viscous once could easily outrun
them). Death came from the skies; these unfortunate individuals were stuck down
by powerful electric discharges resulting from accumulated charges in the
volcano's eruptive column [1]. Volcano lightning.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfmDEhloeRs55u5zV2Pc5ekZmYYxJl_p6kOxE2dCjhOOZMFiRcR8vL6cBjIHWEuF9ZzgRtl9BOSTmGcpw6lCzOTyhmJGkTsQ5AVi-2GJMNhRY6wNTBNlpuE_K09gQEZP2c1YxrmCvAWusx/s1600/Picture+558.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfmDEhloeRs55u5zV2Pc5ekZmYYxJl_p6kOxE2dCjhOOZMFiRcR8vL6cBjIHWEuF9ZzgRtl9BOSTmGcpw6lCzOTyhmJGkTsQ5AVi-2GJMNhRY6wNTBNlpuE_K09gQEZP2c1YxrmCvAWusx/s320/Picture+558.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>USGS Photograph of volcanic lightning.</i></div>
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A number of other accounts regarding volcanic lightning can
be found throughout human history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Modern photography has allowed us to capture dazzling images of
intricate electrical discharges enveloping clouds of hot ash and gas. However,
other than of a purely observational nature, this phenomenon has received
relatively little scientific attention. </div>
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Electric discharges, both natural and man-made, result when
two regions accumulate huge amounts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>opposite polarity charges. In a typical thunderstorm, for example,
positive and negative charges exists at different heights within the
thundercloud. These spatially separated charged regions forms an <i>electric
field</i> within the cloud. The magnitude of the field, commonly expressed in
volts per meter (V/m), is proportional to the charge density in each region.
Now, we must remember that nature likes to minimize the energy of a system. As
such, the electric field will try to bring opposite charges toward each other
in order to neutralize them. Given that air is a relatively good insulator
(meaning it does conduct electricity very well) electrical fields smaller than
100,000 V/m will have a difficult time<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>moving charge carriers around. However, larger pockets of charge will
produce fields that will exceed the electrical breakdown value for air
producing a massive, rapid flow of charge particles or a current. This is how
you get a lightning strike [2]. </div>
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The previous description of an electrical discharge holds
true for volcanic lightning, however the mechanisms that produce the separation
of charge within an eruptive column may be quite different from those within
thunderclouds. Indeed, the physics behind the charging of ash particles is
relatively unconstrained. While we by no means have a complete picture, we do
have a number of clues that allow us to draw a rough sketch of the processes
that cause eruptive columns become charged and eventually produce lightning. </div>
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For example, we know that when small particles, like ash or
sand, collide and rub against each other they can acquire a net charge. This<i>
charging by rubbing</i> is commonly known as the <i>triboelectric</i> effect.
Indeed, in industrial settings where powders are moved around quite a bit, the
triboelectric effect can be so powerful that it can produce sparks and
explosions in the vicinity of combustible materials. As such, a number of
researchers have devoted great effort to try to understand<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what produces triboelectric charging at
the microscopic scale and how negative effects can be mitigated [3] [4]. </div>
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To test whether the triboelectric effect plays an important
role in the charging of ash particles, Josh Méndez and Dan Arrington are
conducting experiments using ash samples from three active volcanoes: Mount St.
Helens (Washington, USA), Tungurahua (Tungurahua, Ecuador), Parhíkutini
(Michoacán, México). By using<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>material from different volcanoes will explore how magma composition
affects the magnitude of triboelectric charging. Mt. Saint Helens and
Tungurahua have medium <i>silica contents</i> with subduction related input,
typical of large stratovolcanoes. Parhíkutini, on the other hand, is a cinder
cone volcano which produced magmas from a mantle source, with little subduction
input and lower silica content [5].</div>
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To cause particles to collide we have developed an
experimental apparatus similar to that used by Forward <i>et al </i>(2009) to
explore triboelectric charging in other materials. The apparatus allows us to
fluidize a certain quantity of and measure the resulting charge accumulated on
the particles. Additionally, we are exploring how fast particles charge. At the
time this blog entry was posted, experiments were currently underway and
results were being prepared for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the 2012 American Geophysical Union meeting. </div>
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So, why understand volcanic lighting? The answer is simple:
lightning can be detected from great (and safe) distances. By understanding the
relationship between ash movements, chemistry, and lighting we may be able to
probe the interior dynamics of an erupting volcano in a risk-fashion. Such a
tool would indubitably be beneficial for hazard assessment, ash dispersal
forecasts, in addition to gaining a better understanding of the <em><span style="font-style: normal;">global</span></em> atmospheric <em><span style="font-style: normal;">electrical circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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References:</div>
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[1] Paricutin, Mexico. Oregon State University.
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_paricutin.html</div>
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[2] Rakov, V. and M. A. Uman (2007) Lightning: Physics and
Effects. Cambridge University Press (January 8, 2007)</div>
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[3] Forward, K., D. Lacks, and R. M. Sankaran</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2009).
Triboelectric Charging of Granular Insulator Mixtures Due Solely to</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Particle-Particle Interactions</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 2309–2314</div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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[4] Forward, K., D. Lacks, and R. M. Sankaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2009).
Methodology for studying particle–particle triboelectrification</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in granular
materials. Journal of Electrostatics 67 (2009) 178–183</div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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[5]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Verma, S.
and T. Hasenaka (2003). S<i>r, Nd, and Pb isotopic and trace element
geochemical constraints for a veined-mantle source of magmas in the
Michoacán-Guanaj<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>uato Volcanic Field</i>. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 38,
pp. 43 to 65, 2004</div>
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PhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7884192075457624843.post-41397726225736405482012-02-02T11:02:00.000-08:002012-02-02T11:07:55.468-08:00Comminution in Pyroclastic Density Currents<div class="MsoNormal">In explosive volcanic eruptions the grain size distribution strongly controls eruptive behavior. Examples include modifying the residence time of ash, as was illustrated in the Eyjafjallajökull eruptive episode, and altering the dynamics of pyroclastic density currents. Recently our lab has been exploring how modifications to grain size during an eruption can alter the dynamics, residence times, and ultimately the dispersal and inundation area for volcanic flows. There are numerous ways grain sizes can be modified, but we can roughly group these processes into aggregation (combining smaller particles to make bigger particles) and comminution (breaking larger particles into smaller particles). In this post we will explore some of our recent work on comminution, and in particular focus on low energy comminution. It is important to note that our experiments indicate that the style of particle breakup is energy dependent with low energy collisions breaking the bubble walls and septa in pumice. During low energy collisions and frictional grinding the particles removed from pumice are fine-grained ash leaving a progressively rounder pumice with more collisions. High-energy collisions break up particles in a macroscopic fashion and produce angular fragments.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</o:p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhYzIW1TO_iL6A838khW10GO93hdHvSNS5PsL7Qiose-U2TvkSy-uJxwcjtAseFjZRB7q0lul6AI3RW3EUVIEVDgkOoxgYcOEuGB1MPaaGfI_Bssb8AMEmwOpMw49Ve33TPBJ7DKXr9hyphenhyphen/s1600/Picture+513.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhYzIW1TO_iL6A838khW10GO93hdHvSNS5PsL7Qiose-U2TvkSy-uJxwcjtAseFjZRB7q0lul6AI3RW3EUVIEVDgkOoxgYcOEuGB1MPaaGfI_Bssb8AMEmwOpMw49Ve33TPBJ7DKXr9hyphenhyphen/s320/Picture+513.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"><i>Pyroclastic flow deposit from Mount St. Helens in 1980 showing some rounding of pumice<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"> </span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"><i>clasts. USGS photograph.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><br />
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</o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal">You may be pondering, why consider particle breakup? While at face value the topic may appear somewhat obscure, the answer to this question really comes in two parts. First, particle breakup, especially low energy breakup, alters the textures of volcanic particles, and these textures can be measured in deposits. For instance, particles in pyroclastic density currents are typically rounder than fall deposits because small ash particles have been removed from the original pumice, little by little, to produce rounded pumice. By measuring the roundness of many particles we can constrain the dynamics in these currents, something we currently cannot do in real time due to the obvious hazard of placing equipment in the path of pyroclastic density currents. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">So particle breakup provides a metric for integrated energy in a flow.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Perhaps more importantly though, particle breakup manifestly changes the dynamics of volcanic flows. Pyroclastic density currents are mixtures of pumice, ash and volcanic gases that are denser than the surrounding atmosphere. You can typically think of them as hot, granular avalanches. They are particularly hazardous to those who live on the flanks of volcanoes because they are very energetic and fast moving. Particles in these currents can interact due to prolonged contact with each other (frictional contact) or through collisions. Both interactions are likely common in most pyroclastic density currents. The generation of greater amounts of fine particles increases the amount of particles that can be suspended by turbulence, enhances pore pressure in flows, creates larger granular drag on larger clasts, and ultimately makes flows go further. Moreover, fine particles can later be introduced to higher levels in the atmosphere due to secondary plumes. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">To better understand the fate of fine ash in pyroclastic flows our group used information obtained from particle collision and frictional grinding experiments to create a constitutive relationship for ash production; basically a rule for the amount of ash produced based on the local concentration of particles and the energy of their collisions. The collision experiments used compressed gas to propel pumice at a target piece of pumice with a ‘pumice gun’, and used high-speed video to calculate the energy of the impact. A rotating cylinder filled with pumice is used to understand the prolonged frictional contact of particles. The constitutive relationship was then introduced into a computer simulation to understand the distance the flow travels and changes in particle concentration in pyroclastic density currents. We found that these numerous low energy collisions produce rounding like that observed at Mount St. Helens pyroclastic density current deposits, and the ash makes the flows travel further (an example simulation is shown below).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">To learn more about this work see the following papers:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dufek, J. and Manga, M. (2008) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The In-Situ Production of Ash in Pyroclastic Flows. </i>Journal of Geophysical Research, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">113, B09207, doi:10.1029/2007JB005555</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 13.5pt .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Manga, M., Patel, A., and Dufek, J. (2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rounding of pumice clasts during transport: field measurements and laboratory studies</i>. Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(3), 321-333.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>PhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7884192075457624843.post-62677529892559871752011-12-21T08:54:00.000-08:002011-12-21T08:54:36.107-08:00New Blog SiteThis blog will document the research being conducted in the Physical Volcanology and Environmental Multiphase Flow lab group at Georgia Tech as well as discuss issues relating to broader research in these fields and education and outreach. We will also use this blog to announce recent findings and publications. This is a collaborative blog including all members in the group with rotating blog authors selected from the group members.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4-VXbyJiVS-lF8iT27I_yHtkKPoES_IANpEC4oHUjrzhGURAsimH2TSMdFCMIzu-dBhkT_zeECjnI3CVeB7VKVDTT5SWxXDZXafPb2hIVQ9ADBpgUhB2dxVro3j58uH5cAhEBKQZP7Qp/s1600/Picture+499.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4-VXbyJiVS-lF8iT27I_yHtkKPoES_IANpEC4oHUjrzhGURAsimH2TSMdFCMIzu-dBhkT_zeECjnI3CVeB7VKVDTT5SWxXDZXafPb2hIVQ9ADBpgUhB2dxVro3j58uH5cAhEBKQZP7Qp/s320/Picture+499.png" width="320" /></a></div>PhysVolchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11717529614170574389noreply@blogger.com0